Orthosteric Molecular Glue Inhibits COP9 Signalosome with Substrate-Dependent Potency

Abstract

Orthosteric inhibitors block enzyme active sites and prevent substrates from binding. Enhancing their specificity through substrate dependence seems inherently unlikely, as their mechanism hinges on direct competition rather than selective recognition. Here, we show that a molecular glue mechanism unexpectedly imparts substrate-dependent potency to CSN5i-3, an orthosteric inhibitor of the COP9 signalosome (CSN). We first confirm that CSN5i-3 inhibits CSN, which catalyzes NEDD8 deconjugation from the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), by occupying the active site of its catalytic subunit, CSN5, and directly competing with the iso-peptide bond substrate. Curiously, the orthosteric inhibitor binds free CSN with only micromolar affinity, yet achieves nanomolar potency in blocking its deneddylase activity. Cryo-EM structures of the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex reveal that active site-engaged CSN5i-3 occludes the substrate iso-peptide linkage while simultaneously extending an NEDD8-binding exosite of CSN5, acting as a molecular glue to cement the NEDD8-CSN5 interaction. The cooperativity of this tri-molecular CSN5i-3-NEDD8-CSN5 assembly, in turn, sequesters CSN5i-3 at its binding site, conferring high potency to the orthosteric inhibitor despite its low affinity for the free enzyme. Together, our findings highlight the modest affinity requirements of molecule glues for individual target proteins and establish "orthosteric molecular glue inhibitors" as a new class of substrate-dependent enzyme antagonists.