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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.10.23.684281

Multicellular Calcium Waves in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Regulate Neuronal Mimicry and Anisotropy Leading to Immune Exclusion

Giangreco, G.·Ramsden, Z.·Rullan, A.·Hooper, S.·Novo, D.·Castro, J. L.·Chakravarty, P.·Milan, M.·Mohammadi, H.·Llop, S.·Juarez, M.·Schneider-Luftman, D.·Oliva, M.·Alemany, L.·Angelova, M.·Olow, A.·Yu, X.·Hobson, P.·Harrington, K. J.·Sahai, E.
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Abstract

Stromal barriers exclude CD8+ T cells from accessing cancer cells and hamper immune-mediated tumour control. Through multi-pronged analysis of tumours that transition from immune inflamed to immune excluded, we reveal that the formation of stromal barriers is associated with the acquisition of neuronal gene expression programmes in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), including TUBB3 expression. This leads to neuronal mimicry, with stromal barrier formation underpinned by coordinated transient bursts of intracellular calcium release, similar to those observed in neuronal tissue. Blockade of calcium release through either pharmacological or molecular interventions, such as STC2 depletion, prevents CAF alignment and the build-up of CD8+ T cells at stromal boundaries. Nintedanib treatment prevents neuronal mimicry and restores immune-mediated tumour control. Thus, we uncover unexpected mimicry of neuronal behaviour in CAFs, document the mechanism by which it leads to immune exclusion, and identify ways to prevent the induction of neuronal mimicry and restore immune-mediated tumour control. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=95 SRC="FIGDIR/small/684281v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (35K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@938ee5org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18a9c48org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11a5982org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ea6a79_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

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Giangreco, G., Ramsden, Z., Rullan, A., Hooper, S., Novo, D., Castro, J. L., Chakravarty, P., Milan, M., Mohammadi, H., Llop, S., Juarez, M., Schneider-Luftman, D., Oliva, M., Alemany, L., Angelova, M., Olow, A., Yu, X., Hobson, P., Harrington, K. J., Sahai, E.. 2025-10-24. Multicellular Calcium Waves in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Regulate Neuronal Mimicry and Anisotropy Leading to Immune Exclusion. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.10.23.684281

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