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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.09.29.679272

A multi-muscular, redundant strategy for free-flight roll stability

Ludlow, B. K.·Dhawan, S.·Whitehead, S. C.·Teoh, H. K.·Ehrhardt, E.·Cowan, N.·Dickerson, B. H.·Cohen, I.
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Abstract

Whether recovering after a gust of wind, or rapidly saccading away from an oncoming predator, fruit flies show remarkable aerial dexterity about their body roll axis. Here, we investigated the detailed wing kinematic changes during free-flight roll motion and probed the neuromuscular basis for such changes. Consistent with previous work, we observed that flies manipulated the stroke amplitude difference between their wings to control their roll angle. Here, we show that flies are capable of achieving such changes by altering the stroke amplitude of either or both of their wings. Further we found that during corrections flies can also take advantage of an aerodynamically significant change in the angle of attack of their uppermost wing. Curiously, these corrective wing changes cannot be eliminated when motor neurons hypothesized to be used during roll maneuvers (i1, i2, b1, b2, and b3) are individually inhibited. However, free-flight optogenetic manipulations and quasi-steady aerodynamic calculations show that each of these motor neurons individually can effect kinematic changes consistent with a roll correction. Combining this evidence with an analysis of haltere inputs found in the BANC connectome, we propose that the observed robustness could be the result of two sets of muscular redundancies that receive shared inputs from haltere sensory afferents: one set, containing b1 and b2, is able to increase the stroke amplitude of the lower wing; while the other set, containing i1, i2, and b3, is able to decrease the stroke amplitude and wing pitch angle of the upper wing. Because of the redundancy in the input sensory information and output wing motion in the muscles in each cluster, the fly is able to perform roll stability maneuvers even when one of the constituent motor neurons is inhibited. This framework proposes new ways fast aerial maneuverability can be implemented when dealing with the flys most unstable rotational degree of freedom.

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Ludlow, B. K., Dhawan, S., Whitehead, S. C., Teoh, H. K., Ehrhardt, E., Cowan, N., Dickerson, B. H., Cohen, I.. 2025-10-01. A multi-muscular, redundant strategy for free-flight roll stability. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.29.679272

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