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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.09.05.674401

Rate of functional network maturity and the role of environmental factors

Hughes-Small, B.·Stevenson, R. A.·Soddu, A.·Stojanoski, B.
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Abstract

The developmental period from childhood to adolescence is marked by significant changes to the functional properties of the brain that support various aspects of higher-level cognition. Environmental factors such as socioeconomic status and adversity can have an outsized influence on neurocognitive development. However, not all environmental factors have the same influence on cognitive and brain development. In the current study, we examined the differential influences of SES (i.e., parental education and neighbourhood safety) and adversity on the maturation rate of functional networks in children and adolescents. Using resting-state fMRI data, independent component analysis with dual regression was computed to identify six networks (Default Mode Network (DMN), Left Executive Control Network (ECN), Right ECN, Hippocampal (HPC), Salience, and Sensorimotor networks) of interest in children and adolescents aged 7 to 15 (N=216, acquired from the Healthy Brain Network). A neural maturity index was generated based on the degree of similarity between the spatial configuration of the six networks in each youth brain to that of an adult template (1243 total, with a mean age of 26; independently by sex). Regression analyses were used to determine the association between neural maturity, social-cognitive abilities and environmental factors such as parental education, neighbourhood safety and number of negative life events (adversity). We found one sensory (sensorimotor) and two association (default mode and executive control) networks matured faster than other networks. Only the rate of maturity of the DMN and HPC were associated with environmental factors. Maturity of the DMN was associated with less adversity and better social cognitive ability, whereas maturity of the HPC network was associated with younger participants with higher IQs. Moreover, these effects were stronger in females than males. Our results highlight the importance of examining the unique contributions of distinct dimensions of childhood environments on neurocognitive development.

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Hughes-Small, B., Stevenson, R. A., Soddu, A., Stojanoski, B.. 2025-09-05. Rate of functional network maturity and the role of environmental factors. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.09.05.674401

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