Dispersal kernels influence the magnitude of environmental, biotic, and stochastic effects on the maintenance of metacommunity diversity

Abstract

Dispersal plays a central role in shaping patterns of diversity in metacommunities. However, a primary focus on emigration rates may mischaracterize dispersal effects that actually arise from dispersal kernels. Kernels describe probabilistic movements between donor and recipient patches, but the influence of kernel shape on metacommunity diversity remains unclear. We used simulations to measure how kernels affect diversity across metacommunity scales and ecological contexts. We disentangled causes of these patterns using a novel approach quantifying the effects of environmental filtering, competition, stochasticity, and dispersal on fitness. Although metacommunities with shallow kernels followed expectations where emigration increased alpha-but decreased beta- and gamma-diversity, metacommunities with steeper kernels did not. Steeper kernels maintained regional diversity by reducing interspecific competition and stochastic extinctions, with dispersal conferring weaker benefits but less homogenization. Our work suggests dispersal kernels and emigration rates jointly regulate exposure to environmental variation and the balance of assembly mechanisms in metacommunities.