Strigolactone effects on Sorghum bicolor ecophysiology and symbioses

Abstract

Strigolactones are ecologically, developmentally, and physiologically important hormones, but much remains unknown about their evolution and role in non-model species. Sorghum is a globally important C4 cereal and exhibits natural variation in root-exuded strigolactones. Differences in sorghum strigolactone stereochemistry are associated with resistance to parasitic plants, but with evidence for potential trade-offs. We studied sorghum mutants of loci in the strigolactone biosynthetic pathway, CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8 (SbCCD8b) and LOW GERMINATION STIMULANT 1 (LGS1), previously shown to be Striga resistant by stimulating little germination of the parasite. SbCCD8b CRISPR-Cas9 deletions changed the accumulation of low abundance metabolites, reduced net carbon assimilation rate, altered root architecture and anatomy, and diminished the establishment and benefit of mycorrhizal symbionts. For Striga-resistant LGS1 CRISPR-Cas9 deletions, differentially expressed genes were enriched with promoter motifs for stress response and growth pathways, net carbon assimilation rate was reduced, and the colonization of mycorrhizal symbionts was delayed. We additionally restored functional LGS1 into the RTx430 genetic background, which normally has the lgs1-2 natural deletion allele. While root exudates from LGS1 insertion mutants rescued Striga susceptibility, we did not see consistent rescue of other traits impacted in LGS1 loss-of-function mutants. We hypothesize that epistasis with a neighboring strigolactone synthesis gene, which is rarely lost without concomitant loss of LGS1, may alter the phenotypic effects of LGS1 variation. Our study gives context to potential trade-offs associated with host resistance to parasitic plants and, more broadly, builds on the contribution of strigolactones in shaping sorghum physiological processes, growth, and development.