BRAVE: a highly accurate method for predicting HIV-1 antibody resistance using large language models for proteins

El Anbari, M.; Bylund, T.; O'Dell, S.; Tourtellott, E.; McKee, K.; Schmidt, S. D.; Mkhize, N. N.; Moore, P. L.; Doria-Rose, N.; Zhou, T.; Rawi, R.

doi:10.1101/2025.07.28.667234

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.07.28.667234

BRAVE: a highly accurate method for predicting HIV-1 antibody resistance using large language models for proteins

El Anbari, M.·Bylund, T.·O'Dell, S.·Tourtellott, E.·McKee, K.·Schmidt, S. D.·Mkhize, N. N.·Moore, P. L.·Doria-Rose, N.·Zhou, T.·Rawi, R.

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Abstract

MotivationBroadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) that target the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) have been utilized in clinical trials aimed at preventing and treating HIV-1 infections. However, the emergence of neutralization resistance to bNAbs occurs rapidly due to the high mutation rate of HIV-1. Previous studies have suggested the use of in silico methods to effectively predict the resistance of HIV-1 isolates to bNAbs. In this study, we present a novel machine learning approach called BRAVE (Bnab Resistance Analysis Via Evolutionary scale modeling 2) designed to predict HIV-1 resistance against 33 known bNAbs. This innovative tool employs a Random Forests classifier that uses a protein language model to reliably capture protein features. ResultsBRAVE outperformed leading resistance prediction tools on various performance metrics, attaining the highest performance in established classification measures including accuracy, area under the curve, logarithmic loss, and F1-score. Importantly, rigorous statistical comparisons (p<0.001) show that BRAVE is significantly more accurate than state-of-the-art neutralization prediction tools. BRAVE will facilitate informed decisions of antibody usage and sequence-based monitoring of viral escape in clinical settings. Availability and implementationBRAVE software is available for download under GitHub (https://github.com/kiryst/BRAVE/tree/master). Contactreda.rawi@nih.gov Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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El Anbari, M., Bylund, T., O'Dell, S., Tourtellott, E., McKee, K., Schmidt, S. D., Mkhize, N. N., Moore, P. L., Doria-Rose, N., Zhou, T., Rawi, R.. 2025-07-31. BRAVE: a highly accurate method for predicting HIV-1 antibody resistance using large language models for proteins. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.28.667234

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