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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.06.18.660287

Expert drummers replicate neuromechanical signatures of physiological tremor at extreme movement frequencies.

Sarcher, A.·Dorel, S.·Azar, N. R.·Bal, R.·Cattagni, T.·Nordez, A.
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Abstract

This study investigates the neuromechanical characteristics associated with expert drummers ability to achieve unilateral ankle oscillation frequencies of up to 10 Hz, surpassing known limits for lower-body movements. Eighteen experienced drummers performed trials at various frequencies, using a protocol combining H-reflex measurement, motion analysis, and electromyography. Our findings closely parallel neuromechanical signatures observed in ankle tremors, with an average movement frequency of 6.3 Hz (SD: 0.5 Hz), and a modulation range of 5.5-7.3 Hz. Oscillatory behavior may result from the interplay between muscle-tendon mechanics and stretch reflex loops. At 6.3 Hz, soleus activation lasts 56.2 ms, shortening by 2.5 ms/Hz (p < 0.001), while tibialis anterior activation lasts 52.7 ms, decreasing by 5.3 ms/Hz (p < 0.001). The latency between ankle dorsiflexion and soleus activation is 48.5 ms at 6.3 Hz, matching the short-latency stretch reflex, and decreases by 11 ms/Hz (p<0.001). Limiting factors for the drummers maximal frequency are soleus and tibialis anterior co-activation, reducing ankle movement, and high levels of activation in hip and back muscles, associated with discomfort and pain. Drummers with higher maximal frequencies (above 7.5 Hz, n = 6) show shorter tibialis anterior activation durations (34.3 ms vs. 53.2 ms, p = 0.0013) and reduced tensor fascia latae activation (6.2% vs. 21.0%, p = 0.0135). These findings highlight phenomenological similarities between the ankle technique and physiological tremors, in terms of neuromechanical timing and oscillatory patterns. Precise tibialis anterior timing and relaxed proximal muscle activation are critical for performance, while injury prevention strategies remain essential. Significance StatementThis study provides a neuromechanical analysis of expert metal drummers producing exceptionally high-frequency ankle movements--up to 10 Hz--that surpass known limits for lower-body movements, and draws parallels with physiological action tremors. By comparing their motor patterns to those reported in tremor literature, this work highlights the role of neuromuscular timing and mechanical adaptations, such as stretch reflex dynamics and muscle-tendon interactions. The findings demonstrate that precise tibialis anterior timing and relaxed proximal muscles are critical for performance, while stabilization demands increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back and hips. These insights bridge performance science, biomechanics, and injury prevention, offering valuable perspectives for optimizing high-frequency movements in music, sports, and rehabilitation.

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Sarcher, A., Dorel, S., Azar, N. R., Bal, R., Cattagni, T., Nordez, A.. 2025-06-24. Expert drummers replicate neuromechanical signatures of physiological tremor at extreme movement frequencies.. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.18.660287

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