PEARL: Integrative multi-omics classification and omics feature discovery via deep graph learning

Abstract

Integrating multi-omics data provides valuable insights into biological processes by capturing information across multiple molecular layers, enabling a comprehensive understanding of complex diseases and driving advancements in precision medicine. However, existing computational methods for multi-omics integration face significant challenges, such as low reliability and poor generalizability, due to the high dimensionality and low sample size nature of omics data. To address these challenges, we present PEARL (Pearson-Enhanced spectrAl gRaph convoLutional networks), a novel deep graph learning method for biomedical classification and functional important omics features identification. PEARL leverages a simple yet effective learning architecture to achieve superior and robust performance in high-dimensional, low-sample-size multi-omics settings. Our results demonstrate that PEARL significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on both synthetic and real biomedical datasets. Furthermore, applied to Alzheimers disease (AD) brain multi-omics data, features prioritized by PEARL lead to functionally important genes that demonstrate significant enrichment in AD-related pathways. These findings highlight PEARLs practical utility in biomedical research and its potential to enhance biological interpretability in multi-omics studies.