Soleus H-reflex size versus stimulation rate in the presence of background muscle activity: A methodological study

Brangaccio, J. A.; Gupta, D.; Mojtabavi, H.; Hardesty, R. L.; Hill, N. J.; Carp, J. S.; Gemoets, D.; Vaughan, T. M.; Norton, J. J. S.; Perez, M.; Wolpaw, J. R.

doi:10.1101/2025.03.17.643784

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2025.03.17.643784

Soleus H-reflex size versus stimulation rate in the presence of background muscle activity: A methodological study

Brangaccio, J. A.·Gupta, D.·Mojtabavi, H.·Hardesty, R. L.·Hill, N. J.·Carp, J. S.·Gemoets, D.·Vaughan, T. M.·Norton, J. J. S.·Perez, M.·Wolpaw, J. R.

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Abstract

IntroductionHoffmann reflex (HR) operant conditioning has emerged as an important intervention in neurorehabilitation. During conditioning, the HR is elicited at low rates ([~]0.2 Hz) to avoid the initial reduction in HR size that can occur over repeated stimulation, i.e., rate-dependent depression (RDD), thereby maintaining reflex size. This study investigated the impact of higher stimulation rates on HR size, where a stable, low-level, background electromyographic (EMG) signal is maintained over 225 conditioning trials in each of 30 sessions. A higher rate could shorten session length and/or number. MethodsFifteen healthy participants maintained low background soleus EMG (5-18 {micro}V, [~]1-3% of the maximum stimulation evoked direct muscle (M-wave) EMG response (Mmax) while standing. Soleus HR and M-wave recruitment curves were obtained at rates of 0.2, 1, and 2 Hz, from which Mmax and Hmax were calculated. Seventy-five HR trials (HRT) were collected for each stimulation rate at a target M-wave size ([~]10-20% of Mmax). ResultsThere was no evidence of RDD at higher stimulation rates. In addition, the mean HR over trials was reliable across participants and rates. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was 0.965 (95%CI:0.915, 0.987). DiscussionThis study shows that H-reflex conditioning might be performed at rates up to 2 Hz with no RDD and with consistent HR values. A faster rate could increase the number of conditioning trials per session, reduce session duration, and/or reduce the number of sessions. It could thereby accelerate the conditioning process and make the process less demanding for participants. SupportNIH Grant P41 EB018783 (Wolpaw), NYS Spinal Cord Injury Research Board C37714GG (Gupta) and C38338GG (Wolpaw), VA SPiRE NCT05880251(Brangaccio), Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

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Brangaccio, J. A., Gupta, D., Mojtabavi, H., Hardesty, R. L., Hill, N. J., Carp, J. S., Gemoets, D., Vaughan, T. M., Norton, J. J. S., Perez, M., Wolpaw, J. R.. 2025-03-19. Soleus H-reflex size versus stimulation rate in the presence of background muscle activity: A methodological study. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.03.17.643784

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