Molecular organization of the distal tip of vertebrate motile cilia

Abstract

The beating of cilia on multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) is essential for normal development and homeostasis in animals. But while the structure and function of basal bodies and axonemes have received significant attention recently, the distal tips of MCC cilia remain relatively poorly defined. Here, we characterize the molecular organization of the distal tip of vertebrate MCC cilia, characterizing two distinct domains occupied by distinct protein constituents. Using frog, mouse, and human MCCs, we find that two largely uncharacterized proteins, Ccdc78 and Ccdc33 occupy a previously undefined region at the extreme distal tip, and these are required for the normal organization of all other known tip proteins. Ccdc78 and Ccdc33 each display robust microtubule-bundling activity both in vivo and in vitro, yet each is independently required for normal length regulation of MCC cilia. Moreover, loss of each protein elicits a distinct pattern of defective cilia beating and resultant fluid flow. Thus, two previously undefined proteins form a key module essential for organizing and stabilizing the distal tip of motile cilia in vertebrate MCCs. We propose that these ill-defined proteins represent potential disease loci for motile ciliopathies.