Export dynamics of protists across the southern subtropical frontal zone reveal taxon-specific patterns

Abstract

Gravitational particle sinking is the main mechanism for carbon export in the biological carbon pump. However, the export dynamics of the particle-associated protist community are not fully understood. We used 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding to characterise the exported protist community within sinking particles and bathypelagic surficial sediments in oligotrophic subtropical and high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll subantarctic waters. Sinking particles were collected with formalin-fixed and preservative-free particle interceptor traps (fixed and live traps, respectively) to identify the community involved in particle export (fixed) and protist loss from remineralisation (live). We paired this with community analysis of the upper and lower water column (mixed layer and below mixed layer to mesopelagic, respectively) to compare the relative sources of exported protists. Amplicon sequences variants (ASVs) from upper water column samples accounted for 2 to 4-fold higher proportion of reads and ASV rich-ness compared to lower water column samples in fixed trap and sediment samples, suggesting low influence of the suspended protist community from the lower water column on export. We further traced the export patterns of upper water column protist taxa by analysing the change in taxa relative abundance across the mixed layer to mesopelagic depths. Export patterns differed between taxa, which is similarly suggested by taxa-specific loss of ASV richness between fixed and live traps, but remained the same across biogeochemically-contrasting water masses. This could imply that the drivers for protist loss during export are related to characteristics consistent across environmental conditions, such as specific microbial interactions or inherent cell properties.