Loss of a major venom toxin gene in a Western Diamondback rattlesnake population

Abstract

The biochemical complexity and evolutionary diversity of snake venom composition reflects adaptation to the diversity of prey in their diets. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the evolutionary diversity of venoms are not well understood. Here, we explored the potential extent of and genetic basis for venom protein variation in the widely-distributed Western Diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). As in many rattlesnake venoms, metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the major component of C. atrox venom, with three proteins belonging to three distinct major structural SVMP classes, MDC4, MAD3a, and MPO1, constituting the most abundant SVMPs. We found that while most venom proteins, including MDC4 and MAD3a, vary little among individuals, the MPO1 protein is completely absent from some animals, most commonly those from the western part of the species geographic range. This distribution correlates with the previous finding of two distinct lineages within C. atrox and indicates that different ecological factors have shaped venom composition across the species range. We further show that the loss of MPO1 expression is not due to transcriptional down-regulation, but to several independent inactivating mutations at the locus, including whole gene deletion. The recurrent inactivation of a major toxin gene within a C. atrox population may reflect relaxed selection on the maintenance of MPO1 function, but we also raise the possibility that the loss of venom components may be favored if there is a cost to producing a less effective toxin in protein-rich venoms.