Locally heterogeneous soil viral and prokaryotic responses to prescribed burn correspond with patchy burn severity in a mixed conifer forest

Abstract

Prescribed burning, a strategy to mitigate wildfires, imparts physicochemical and biological changes to soil. The effects of burns on soil viruses and virus-host dynamics are largely unexplored, despite known viral and prokaryotic contributions to biogeochemical processes. Using a viromic (<0.2 {micro}m size fraction metagenomic) approach, we assessed how viral communities responded to a spring prescribed burn in a mixed conifer forest and whether soil chemical properties and/or prokaryotic host communities could explain the observed patterns. From 120 soil samples (two per depth at 0-3 and 3-6 cm from four burned and two control plots at five timepoints, two before and three after the burn), 91 viromes and 115 16S rRNA gene amplicon libraries were sequenced. Plot location had the greatest effect on explaining variance in viral communities, over treatment (burned or not), depth, and timepoint. Viral and prokaryotic communities exhibited locally heterogenous responses to the fire, with some burned communities resembling unburned controls. This was attributed to patchy burn severity (defined by soil chemistry). Low viromic DNA yields indicated substantial loss of viral biomass in high-severity locations. The relative abundances of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and the viruses predicted to infect them significantly increased along the burn severity gradient, suggesting survival of spore formers and viral infection of these abundant, fire-responsive taxa. Our analyses highlight the importance of a nuanced view of soil community responses to fire, not just to burn overall, but to the specific degree of burn severity experienced by each patch of soil, which differed for nearby soils in the same fire.