The Role of Predictive Processing and Perceptual Load in Selective Visual Attention: An Examination with Semantically Salient and Less Salient Distractors

Abstract

Our attentional resources are allocated to the various aspects of the environment based on the context, and predictive coding has been used as a model to explain the interaction between sensory-based information and top-down expectations in visual attention (Spratling, 2008; Rauss et al., 2011). On the other hand, the saliency of the environmental stimuli is also hypothesized to be capturing the attentional resources of the individuals involuntarily, and thus, it is thought to be playing a crucial role in attentional resource allocation. The current study investigates the role of predictive processing of task difficulty in selective visual attention in the presence of various distractors. Utilizing a letter search task, we provided brief cues about the upcoming tasks difficulty, and participants were asked to detect the target letters. We investigated whether predictive processing about task demands may cause a difference in behavioral measures in the presence of semantically less salient distractors in Experiment 1 (Gabor patches) and semantically more salient distractors in Experiment 2 (faces). Results showed that unmet expectations about the task demands caused longer reaction times in both studies. We observed that all independent variables, which are task difficulty, cue congruency, and distractor presence, affected reaction times in both experiments, but cue congruency interacted with distractor presence only in Experiment 2. Here, we argue that though predictive processing plays a role in attentional resource allocation and, distractors characteristics are also crucial as the saliency level interacts with the cue congruency.