A common phthalate replacement disrupts ovarian function in young adult mice

Abstract

Di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (DEHTP) is a replacement for its structural isomer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a known endocrine disrupting chemical and ovarian toxicant. DEHTP is used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride products and its metabolites are increasingly found in biomonitoring studies at levels similar to phthalates. However, little is known about the effects of DEHTP on the ovary. In this research, we tested the hypothesis that DEHTP is an ovarian toxicant and likely endocrine disrupting chemical like its isomer DEHP. The impact of environmentally relevant exposure to DEHTP and/or its metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (MEHTP) on the mouse ovary was investigated in vivo and in vitro. For the in vivo studies, young adult CD-1 mice were orally dosed with vehicle, 10 {micro}g/kg, 100 {micro}g/kg, or 100 mg/kg of DEHTP for 10 days. For the in vitro studies, isolated untreated ovarian follicles were exposed to vehicle, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 {micro}g/mL of DEHTP or MEHTP. Follicle counts, hormone levels, and gene expression of steroidogenic enzymes, cell cycle regulators, and apoptosis factors were analyzed. In vivo, DEHTP exposure increased primordial follicle counts at 100 {micro}g/kg and 100 mg/kg and decreased primary follicle counts at 100 mg/kg compared to control. DEHTP exposure also decreased expression of cell cycle regulators and apoptotic factors compared to control. In vitro, follicle growth was reduced by 1 {micro}g/mL DEHTP and 1, 10, and 100 {micro}g/mL MEHTP compared to controls, and expression of the cell cycle regulator Cdkn2b was increased. Steroid hormone levels and steroidogenic enzyme gene expression trended toward decreases in vivo, whereas progesterone was significantly increased by exposure to 100 {micro}g/mL MEHTP in vitro. Overall, these results suggest that DEHTP and MEHTP may be ovarian toxicants at low doses and should be subjected to further scrutiny for reproductive toxicity due to their similar structures to phthalates.