TBK1 and IKKϵ protect target cells from IFNγ-mediated T cell killing via an inflammatory apoptotic mechanism

Abstract

Cytotoxic T cells produce interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}), which plays a critical role in anti-microbial and anti-tumor responses. However, it is not clear whether T cell-derived IFN{gamma} directly kills infected and tumor target cells, and how this may be regulated. Here, we report that target cell expression of the kinases TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon} regulate IFN{gamma} cytotoxicity by suppressing the ability of T cell-derived IFN{gamma} to kill target cells. In tumor targets lacking TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon}, IFN{gamma} induces expression of TNFR1 and the Z-nucleic acid sensor, ZBP1, to trigger RIPK1-dependent apoptosis, largely in a target cell-autonomous manner. Unexpectedly, IFN{gamma}, which is not known to signal to NF{kappa}B, induces hyperactivation of NF{kappa}B in TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon} double-deficient cells. TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon} suppress IKK/{beta} activity and in their absence, IFN{gamma} induces elevated NF{kappa}B-dependent expression of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Apoptosis is thought to be non-inflammatory, but our observations demonstrate that IFN{gamma} can induce an inflammatory form of apoptosis, and this is suppressed by TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon}. The two kinases provide a critical connection between innate and adaptive immunological responses by regulating three key responses: (1) phosphorylation of IRF3/7 to induce type I IFN; (2) inhibition of RIPK1-dependent death; and (3) inhibition of NF{kappa}B-dependent inflammation. We propose that these kinases evolved these functions such that their inhibition by pathogens attempting to block type I IFN expression would enable IFN{gamma} to trigger apoptosis accompanied by an alternative inflammatory response. Our findings show that loss of TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon} in target cells sensitizes them to inflammatory apoptosis induced by T cell-derived IFN{gamma}. Short SummaryIn the absence of TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon}, target cells are killed by T cells in an IFN{gamma}-dependent manner. In TBK1 and IKK{varepsilon}-deficient cells, IFN{gamma} induces RIPK1-dependent death, as well as hyper-induction of NF{kappa}B-dependent inflammatory genes. This suggests that any inhibition of TBK1/IKK{varepsilon} to block type I IFN expression will result in the demise of the cell accompanied by an alternate inflammatory program. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=118 SRC="FIGDIR/small/606693v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (27K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1606b75org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12eebc0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@177c033org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@eb5819_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG