Nuclear actin-dependent Meg3 expression suppresses metabolic genes by affecting the chromatin architecture at sites of elevated H3K27 acetylation levels

Abstract

Three-dimensional organization of the eukaryotic genome is directly affected by the nuclear {beta}-actin pool that regulates enhancer function by affecting H3K27 acetylation levels. This actin-based mechanism, in turn, influences enhancer-dependent transcriptional regulation and plays a crucial role in driving gene expression changes observed upon compartment-switching. Using a combination of bulk RNA-seq and qPCR analyses performed on total RNA from WT mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), {beta}-actin heterozygous (HET) MEFs, and {beta}-actin KO MEFs, in this study we demonstrate that expression of several lncRNAs is directly affected by {beta}-actin depletion. Among these lncRNAs, Meg3 expression increases in a {beta}-actin dosage-dependent manner. Using ChIRP-seq, ChIRP-MS and f-RIP-qPCR, we show that {beta}-actin depletion leads to alterations in Meg3 genomic association. It also leads to Meg3 enrichment at or close to gene regulatory sites including enhancers and promoters concomitantly with increased H3K27 acetylation levels. At these sites, specific Meg3 association with H3K27 acetylation leads to loss of promoter-enhancer interactions as revealed by the Activity by Contact (ABC) model that builds on RNA-seq, H3K27acetylation ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and HiC-seq obtained in WT and {beta}-actin KO MEFs. Results from metabolomics experiments in WT, HET and {beta}-actin KO MEFs show these mechanisms contribute to the repression of genes involved in metabolic biosynthetic pathways for chondroitin, heparan, dermatan sulfate, and phospholipases, hence impacting their synthesis. We propose that at sites of actin-dependent increase in H3K27acetylation levels Meg3 interferes with promoter-enhancer interactions, potentially impairing local genome organization (or DNA looping) and negatively regulating gene expression.