Species-Specific ribosomal RNA-FISH identifies interspecies cellular-material exchange, active-cell population dynamics and cellular localization of translation machinery in clostridial cultures and co-cultures

Abstract

The development of synthetic microbial consortia in recent years has revealed that complex interspecies interactions, notably, the exchange of cytoplasmic material, exist even among organisms that originate from different ecological niches. Although morphogenetic characteristics, viable RNA and protein dyes and fluorescent reporter proteins have played an essential role in exploring such interactions, we hypothesized that rRNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (rRNA-FISH) could be adapted and applied to further investigate interactions in synthetic or semisynthetic consortia. Despite its maturity, several challenges exist in using rRNA-FISH as a tool to quantitate individual species population dynamics and interspecies interactions using high-throughput instrumentation such as flow cytometry. In this work we resolve such challenges and apply rRNA-FISH to double and triple co-cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium ljungdahlii and Clostridium kluyverii. In pursuing our goal to capture each organisms population dynamics, we demonstrate the dynamic rRNA, and thus ribosome, exchange between the three species leading to formation of hybrid cells. We also characterize the localization patterns of the translation machinery in the three species, identifying distinct dynamic localization patterns among the three organisms. Our data also support the use of rRNA-FISH to assess the cultures health and expansion potential, and here again our data find surprising differences among the three species examined. Taken together, our study argues for rRNA-FISH as a valuable and accessible tool for quantitative exploration of interspecies interactions, especially in organisms which cannot be genetically engineered or in consortia where selective pressures to maintain recombinant species cannot be used. IMPORTANCEThough dyes and fluorescent reporter proteins have played an essential role in identifying microbial species in cocultures, we hypothesized that rRNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization (rRNA-FISH) could be adapted and applied to probe, quantitatively, complex interactions between organisms in synthetic consortia. Despite its maturity, several challenges existed before rRNA-FISH could be used to study clostridium co-cultures of interest. First, species-specific probes for Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium ljungdahlii had not been developed. Second, "state-of-the-art" labelling protocols were tedious and often resulted in sample loss. Third, it was unclear if FISH was compatible with existing fluorescent reporter proteins. We resolved key challenges and applied the technique to co-cultures of C. acetobutylicum, C. ljungdahlii, and C. kluyveri. We demonstrate that rRNA-FISH is capable of identifying rRNA/ribosome exchange between the three organisms and characterized rRNA localization patterns in each. In combination with flow cytometry, it can capture individual population dynamics in co-cultures.