Steppe lemmings and Chinese hamsters as new potential animal models for the study of the leishmania subgenus Mundinia (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae)

Abstract

Leishmania, the dixenous trypanosomatid parasites, are the causative agents of leishmaniasis currently divided into four subgenera: Leishmania, Viannia, Sauroleishmania, and the recently described Mundinia, consisting of six species distributed sporadically all over the world infecting humans and/or animals. These parasites infect various mammalian species and also cause serious human diseases, but their reservoirs are unknown. Thus, adequate laboratory models are needed to enable proper research of Mundinia parasites. In this complex study, we compared experimental infections of five Mundinia species (L. enriettii, L. macropodum, L. chancei, L. orientalis, and four strains of L. martiniquensis) in three rodent species: BALB/c mouse, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus). Culture-derived parasites were inoculated intradermally into the ear pinnae and progress of infection was monitored for 20 weeks, when the tissues and organs of animals were screened for the presence and quantity of leishmania. Xenodiagnoses with Phlebotomus duboscqi were performed at weeks 5, 10, 15 and 20 post-infection to test the infectiousness of the animals throughout the experiment. BALB/c mice showed no signs of infection and were not infectious to sand flies, while Chinese hamsters and Steppe lemmings proved susceptible to all five species of Mundinia tested, showing a wide spectrum of disease signs ranging from asymptomatic to visceral. Mundinia induced significantly higher infection rates in Steppe lemmings compared to Chinese hamsters, and consequently Steppe lemmings were more infectious to sand flies: In all groups tested, they were infectious from the 5th to the 20th week post infection. In conclusion, we identified two rodent species, Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus), as candidates for laboratory models for Mundinia allowing detailed studies of these enigmatic parasites. Furthermore, the long-term survival of all Mundinia species in Steppe lemmings and their infectiousness to vectors support the hypothesis that some rodents have the potential to serve as reservoir hosts for Mundinia. Author SummaryLeishmania parasites of the subgenus Mundinia are an emerging health and veterinary problem that should not be ignored. Being the most recent of all Leishmania described, many aspects of Mundinia biology are enigmatic. We have very scarce data on their life cycles and biology, thus proper laboratory research must be done to enable their better understanding. One of the most crucial parts of the life cycle of Leishmania is the development in the mammalian host. In the past, we worked on establishment of other laboratory models for the subgenus, but either Arvicanthis, Mastomys or Guinea pigs did not prove to be a good choice. Other authors performed experiments with BALB/c mice using various inoculation techniques, but they also failed. Here we describe the establishment of two new potential laboratory model species, Chinese hamsters and Steppe lemmings, which proved to be susceptible to Mundinia and such findings will enable other scientists to continue in research of these parasites.