Emergence of the Novel Infectious bursal disease viruse Variant in Vaccinated Poultry Flocks in Egypt

Abstract

Infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) have a profound impact on poultry production worldwide, directly causing mortality rates of up to 100%, and indirectly through their immunosuppressive effects. Since the emergence of the antigenically modified very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) in Egypt in late 1999, the country has experienced recurrent outbreaks with high mortality rates and typical vvIBDV gross lesions. However, a notable shift occurred in 2023, characterized by a substantial increase in reported subclinical IBDV cases exhibiting atrophied bursa and associated immunosuppression. To assess the field situation, we examined samples from 21 farms in 2023 and 18 farms from 2021 and 2022, all of which experienced IBD outbreaks based on clinical diagnosis. These samples were submitted to our laboratory for confirmatory testing and subsequently subjected to VP2-HVR sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all samples collected in 2021 and 2022 clustered with classical virulent strains and very virulent IBDV. In 2023, one sample clustered with the Egyptian vvIBDV, while one sample clustered with classic virulent IBDV, and the remaining 2023 samples clustered with the Chinese novel variant IBDV (nVarIBDV). The alignment of deduced amino acid sequences for VP2 revealed that all Egyptian classic virulent strains were similar to the Winterfield or Leukert strains. In contrast, vvIBDV strains exhibited two out of the three typical residues found in Egyptian antigenically atypical vvIBDV, namely Y220F and G254S, but not A321T, and one sample was identical to the European vvIBDV (emerged in 1989). Meanwhile, all variant strains recognized in the present study exhibited typical residues found in variant IBDV, in addition to the three conserved amino acid residues found only in Chinese variant IBDVs. However, all Egyptian variant strains showed a mutation at position 321 (321V), which represents the most exposed part of the capsid and is known to have a massive impact on IBDV antigenicity, with the exception of one sample that had 318G instead. This report highlights the emergence of a new variant IBDV clustered with the Chinese new variant in Egypt, causing bursa atrophy and spreading subclinically in broiler farms over a wide geographic distance, resulting in massive economic losses due to immunosuppression.