Improvisation and Live Accompaniment Increase Motor Response and Reward During a Music Playing Task

Abstract

Music provides an abstract reward that can enhance learning and motivation in humans. While music is often combined with exercise to improve performance and to upregulate mood, the relationship between music-induced reward and motor output is poorly understood. Here, we study music reward and motor output at the same time by capitalizing on music playing. Specifically, we investigate the effects of music improvisation and live accompaniment on motor, autonomic, and affective responses. Thirty adults performed a rhythm tapping task while (i) improvising or maintaining the beat and (ii) with live or recorded accompaniment. Motor response was characterized by acceleration of hand movements (accelerometry), wrist flexor and extensor muscle activation (electromyography), and the number of beats played. Autonomic arousal was measured by tonic response of electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR). Affective responses were measured by a 12-item Likert scale. The combination of improvisation and live accompaniment, as compared to all other conditions, significantly increased acceleration of hand movements and muscle activation, as well as participant reports of enjoyment during music-playing. Improvisation, regardless of type of accompaniment, increased the number of beats played and autonomic arousal (including tonic EDA responses and several measures of HR), as well as participant reports of challenge. Importantly, increased motor response was associated with increased enjoyment during music improvisation only and not while participants were maintaining the beat. The increased motor responses achieved with improvisation and live accompaniment have important implications for enhancing dose of movement during music-based interventions for stroke rehabilitation. Significance StatementMusic provides a rewarding stimulus and improves motor performance and learning. However, the relationship between music reward and motor output is poorly understood. Here, we show that music improvisation with live accompaniment increased acceleration and muscle activation during movement, and that this increase in motor response was associated with increased enjoyment only when improvising. These findings are important for developing music interventions that target improved motor performance and learning in exercise and physical rehabilitation.