A non-genetic model of vascular shunts informs on the cellular mechanisms of formation and resolution of arteriovenous malformations

Abstract

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), a disorder characterized by direct shunts between arteries and veins, are associated with genetic mutations. However, the mechanisms leading to the transformation of a capillary into a shunt remain unclear and how shunts can be reverted into capillaries is poorly understood. Here, we report that oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) protocol leads to the consistent and stereotypical formation of AV shunts in non-genetically altered mice. OIR-induced AV shunts show all the canonical markers of AVMs. Genetic and pharmacological interventions demonstrated that changes in endothelial cell (EC) volume of venous origin (hypertrophic venous cells) are the initiating step promoting AV shunt formation, whilst EC proliferation or migration played minor roles. Inhibition of mTOR pathway prevents pathological increases in EC volume and significantly reduces the formation of AV shunts. Importantly, we demonstrate that ALK1 signaling cell-autonomously regulates EC volume, demonstrating that our discoveries link with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT)-related AVMs. Finally, we demonstrate that a combination of EC volume control and EC migration is associated with the regression of AV shunts. We demonstrate that an increase in the EC volume is the key mechanism driving the initial stages of AV shunt formation, leading to asymmetric capillary diameters. Based on our results, we propose a coherent and unifying timeline leading to the fast conversion of a capillary vessel into an AV shunt. Our data advocates for further investigation into the mechanisms regulating EC volume in health and disease as a way to identify therapeutic approaches to prevent and revert AVMs.