Differential early-life survival underlies the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a long-lived reptile

Bock, S.; Loera, Y.; Johnson, J.; Smaga, C.; Haskins, D. L.; Tuberville, T.; Singh, R.; Rainwater, T.; Wilkinson, P.; Parrott, B. B.

doi:10.1101/2023.05.24.542140

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2023.05.24.542140

Differential early-life survival underlies the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a long-lived reptile

Bock, S.·Loera, Y.·Johnson, J.·Smaga, C.·Haskins, D. L.·Tuberville, T.·Singh, R.·Rainwater, T.·Wilkinson, P.·Parrott, B. B.

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Abstract

O_LIMany ectotherms rely on temperature cues experienced during development to determine offspring sex. The first descriptions of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) were made over 50 years ago, yet an understanding of its adaptive significance remains elusive, especially in long-lived taxa. C_LIO_LIOne novel hypothesis predicts that TSD should be evolutionarily favored when two criteria are met - (a) incubation temperature influences annual juvenile survival and (b) sexes mature at different ages. Under these conditions, a sex-dependent effect of incubation temperature on offspring fitness arises through differences in age at sexual maturity, with the sex that matures later benefiting disproportionately from temperatures that promote juvenile survival. C_LIO_LIThe American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) serves as an insightful model in which to test this hypothesis, as males begin reproducing nearly a decade after females. Here, through a combination of artificial incubation experiments and mark-recapture approaches, we test the specific predictions of the survival-to-maturity hypothesis for the adaptive value of TSD by disentangling the effects of incubation temperature and sex on annual survival of alligator hatchlings across two geographically distinct sites. C_LIO_LIHatchlings incubated at male-promoting temperatures consistently exhibited higher survival compared to those incubated at female-promoting temperatures. This pattern appears independent of hatchling sex, as females produced from hormone manipulation at male-promoting temperatures exhibit similar survival to their male counterparts. C_LIO_LIAdditional experiments show that incubation temperature may affect early-life survival primarily by affecting the efficiency with which maternally transferred energy resources are used during development. C_LIO_LIResults from this study provide the first explicit empirical support for the adaptive value of TSD in a crocodilian and point to developmental energetics as a potential unifying mechanism underlying persistent survival consequences of incubation temperature. C_LI

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Bock, S., Loera, Y., Johnson, J., Smaga, C., Haskins, D. L., Tuberville, T., Singh, R., Rainwater, T., Wilkinson, P., Parrott, B. B.. 2023-05-24. Differential early-life survival underlies the adaptive significance of temperature-dependent sex determination in a long-lived reptile. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.24.542140

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