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bioRxiv · 10.1101/2023.03.29.534694

Chromosome-level assemblies of the Pieris mannii butterfly genome suggest Z-origin and rapid evolution of the W chromosome

Blattner, L. A.·Ruffener, S.·Berner, D.
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Abstract

The insect order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moth) represents the largest group of organisms with ZW/ZZ sex determination. While the origin of the Z chromosome predates the evolution of the Lepidoptera, the W chromosome is considered younger, but its origin is debated. To shed light on the origin of the lepidopteran W, we here produce chromosome-level genome assemblies for the butterfly Pieris mannii, and compare the sex chromosomes within and between P. mannii and its sister species P. rapae. Our analyses clearly indicate a common origin of the W chromosomes of the two Pieris species, and reveal similarity between the Z and W in chromosome sequence and structure. This supports the view that the W originates from Z-autosome fusion rather than from a redundant B chromosome. We further demonstrate the extremely rapid evolution of the W relative to the other chromosomes and argue that this may preclude reliable conclusions about the origin of the W based on comparisons among distantly related Lepidoptera. Finally, we find that sequence similarity between the Z and W chromosomes is greatest toward the chromosome ends, perhaps reflecting selection for the maintenance of recognition sites essential to chromosome segregation. Our study highlights the utility of long-read sequencing technology for illuminating chromosome evolution. SignificanceLepidoptera (butterflies and moths) typically exhibit a ZW/ZZ sex determination system, but the origin of the W chromosome is controversial. Based on a chromosome-level reference genome for the Southern Small white butterfly and comparative genomic analyses, we propose that the W chromosome in this group of butterflies derives from the Z chromosome and evolves extremely rapidly.

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Blattner, L. A., Ruffener, S., Berner, D.. 2023-03-29. Chromosome-level assemblies of the Pieris mannii butterfly genome suggest Z-origin and rapid evolution of the W chromosome. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.03.29.534694

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