Individual differences in developmental trajectory leave a male polyphenic signature in bulb mite populations

Abstract

Developmental plasticity alters phenotypes and can in that way change the response to selection. When alternative phenotypes show different life history trajectories, developmental plasticity can also affect, and be affected by, population size-structure in an eco-evolutionary interaction. Developmental plasticity often functions to anticipate future conditions but it can also mitigate current stress conditions. Both types of developmental plasticity have evolved under different selections and this raises the question if they underlie different eco-evolutionary population dynamics. Here, we tested, in a long-term population experiment using the male polyphenic bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini), if the selective harvesting of juveniles of different developmental stages concurrently alters population size (ecological response) and male adult phenotype expression (evolutionary response) in line with eco-evolutionary predictions that assume the male polyphenism is anticipatory or mitigating. We found that the frequency of adult males that expressed costly (fighter) morphology was lowest under the most severe juvenile harvesting conditions. This response cannot be explained if we assume that adult male phenotype expression is to anticipate adult (mating) conditions because, in that case, only the manipulation of adult performance would have an effect. Instead, we suggest that juveniles mitigate their increased mortality risk by expediating ontogeny to forego the development of costly morphology and mature quicker but as a defenceless scrambler. If, like in mammals and birds where early-life stress effects are extensively studied, we account for such pre-adult viability selection in coldblooded species, it would allow us to (i) better characterise natural selection on trait development like male polyphenisms, (ii) understand how it can affect the response to other selections in adulthood, and (iii) understand how such trait dynamics influence, and are influenced by, population dynamics.