Homeostatic control of an iron repressor in a GI tract resident

Abstract

The transition metal iron plays a crucial role in living cells. However, high level of iron is potentially toxic through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), serving as a deterrent to the commensal fungus Candida albicans for colonization in the iron-rich gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We observe that the mutant lacking an iron-responsive transcription factor Hap43 is hyper-fit for colonization in murine gut. We demonstrate that high iron specifically triggers multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) and proteasomal degradation of Hap43, a vital process guaranteeing the precision of intestinal ROS detoxification. Reduced levels of Hap43 lead to de-repression of antioxidant genes and therefore alleviate the deleterious ROS derived from iron metabolism. Our data reveal that Hap43 functions as a negative regulator for oxidative stress-adaptation of C. albicans to gut colonization and thereby provide a new insight into understanding the interplay between iron homeostasis and fungal commensalism. ImportanceIron homeostasis is critical for creatures. Candida albicans is one of the major commensals in the GI tract where is iron-replete environment. Transcriptional factor Hap43 was believed to repress iron utilizations genes in iron-depleted conditions for decades. However, the mystery in iron-replete conditions of Hap43 has never been uncovered. We discovered that reduced levels of Hap43 via phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export, followed by proteosome-mediated protein degradation, leads to de-repression of downstream antioxidant genes and promote its colonization in GI tract. We propose that C. albicans has a strict detoxification process to ensure its survival, which has important implications for understanding how the fungi survives in the mammalian host.