A better brain? Alternative spliced STIM2 in hominoids arises with synapse formation and creates a gain-of-function variant

Poth, V.; Do, H. T. T.; Foerderer, K.; Tschernig, T.; Alansary, D.; Helms, V.; Niemeyer, B. A.

doi:10.1101/2023.01.27.525873

Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2023.01.27.525873

A better brain? Alternative spliced STIM2 in hominoids arises with synapse formation and creates a gain-of-function variant

Poth, V.·Do, H. T. T.·Foerderer, K.·Tschernig, T.·Alansary, D.·Helms, V.·Niemeyer, B. A.

View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Balanced Ca2+ homeostasis is essential for cellular functions. STIM2 mediated Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry (SOCE) regulates cytosolic and ER Ca2+ concentrations, stabilizes dendritic spine formation and drives presynaptic spontaneous transmission and ER stress in neurons. Recently identified alternative spliced variants expand the STIM protein repertoire, uncover unique functions and facilitate our understanding of tissue specific regulation of SOCE. Here, we describe an addition to this repertoire, a unique short STIM2 variant (STIM2.3/STIM2G) present only in old world monkeys and humans with expression in humans starting with the beginning of brainwave activity and upon synapse formation within the cerebral cortex. In contrast to the short STIM1B variant, STIM2.3/STIM2G increases SOCE upon stimulation independently of specific spliced in residues. Basal cluster formation is reduced and analyses of several additional deletion and point mutations delineate the role of functional motifs for Ca2+ entry, NFAT activation and changes in neuronal gene expression. In addition, STIM2.3/STIM2G shows reduced binding and activation of the energy sensor AMPK. In the context of reduced STIM2.3 splicing seen in postmortem brains of patients with Huntingtons disease, our data suggests that STIM2.3/STIM2G is an important regulator of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, potentially involved in synapse formation/maintenance and evolutionary expansion of brain complexity.

Explore related subjects

cell biology Preprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Poth, V., Do, H. T. T., Foerderer, K., Tschernig, T., Alansary, D., Helms, V., Niemeyer, B. A.. 2023-01-27. A better brain? Alternative spliced STIM2 in hominoids arises with synapse formation and creates a gain-of-function variant. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.27.525873

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Functional characterization of Rho GTPase activating proteins SYDE1 and SYDE2

The human genome encodes more than 60 proteins containing Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) domains, many of which remain understudied with respect to their target specificity and biological roles. SYDE1 and SYDE2 are two such orphan RhoGAPs, for which there are few studies characterizing their biochemical and cellular functions and conflicting reports identifying their cognate GTPases. We previously identified SYDE1 and SYDE2 in a screen for substrates of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Here, we show that SYDE1 and SYDE2 are preferentially phosphorylated by JNK1 relative to other mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) at sites proximal to a kinase docking region. Purified SYDE1 and SYDE2 are shown to have significant catalytic GAP activity toward RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. However, neither up- nor down-regulation of SYDE1/2 expression leads to detectable changes in bulk GTP loading of any of these GTPases. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that SYDE1 and SYDE2, in a partially GAP-dependent manner, increase cell spreading and number of focal adhesions, and promote more directionally persistent migration in HEK293 cells. Together, these findings establish SYDE1 and SYDE2 as robust JNK substrates with catalytic activity toward a set of Rho GTPases and reveal basic functions of SYDE1 and SYDE2 in regulating cell morphology, adhesion, and migration.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

The filopodial scaffold polyphosphate dictates cell adhesion-versus-invasion decisions

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an ancient polymer conserved across all life, serving cell type and location specific functions in every major compartment. Yet its role at the plasma membrane, where it accumulates to peak levels in many primary cells, is largely unknown. Here we identify polyP as a stabilizing component of filopodia, actin based membrane protrusions that govern cell adhesion, contact inhibition, and chemotaxis. Elevating cellular polyP increases filopodial stability and enhances cell adhesion, whereas reducing polyP accelerates filopodial disassembly and promotes cell migration. Mechanistically, we find that polyP acts as a structural filopodial scaffold, recruiting and organizing IRSp53, a membrane curvature inducing protein. We show that metastatic fibroblasts and breast cancer organoids carry markedly reduced and intracellularly reorganized polyP levels relative to their non transformed counterparts. Restoring endogenous polyP via lipid nanoparticle delivery suppresses their invasive phenotypes and reverses prometastatic gene expression signatures, implicating polyP as a primordial tumor suppressor.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Mitochondrial transfer mediates metabolic communication between beta cells and islet macrophages

Pancreatic islet macrophages support islet homeostasis and adapt their metabolic program in response to environmental cues, including beta cell released factors. Intercellular mitochondrial transfer is a biological process that modulates cellular responses. To test whether beta cells, which are strongly secretory, transfer mitochondria to islet macrophages, we generated mice with beta cell-specific expression of mitochondrial GFP (PhAMfloxIns1Cre). We demonstrate that beta cells transfer mitochondria to islet macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Diabetogenic stressors did not alter the frequency of mitochondrial transfer and macrophages containing beta cell-derived GFP exhibit increased protein synthesis rates. RNA-seq identified upregulation of activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) in macrophages receiving beta cell-derived mitochondria, while disruption of actin cytoskeleton dynamics prevented mitochondrial transfer. Together, these findings identify mitochondrial transfer as a previously unrecognized mechanism of beta cell-macrophage communication that may contribute to islet homeostasis and immune regulation.

cell biology↗