Search bioRxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2023.01.26.525648

Genetic diversity of the eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Tanzania; implications for future conservation

Hopcraft, G.·Eblate, E. M.·Chuma, I. S.·Otiende, M. Y.·Macha, E. S.·Wambura, D.·Kilbride, E.·Mable, B. K.·Mellya, R. V.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In the past decade, there has been a drastic decline in the number of Eastern Black rhinoceros (black rhinoceros) (Diceros bicornis michaeli), primarily because of poaching across their natural habitats, leaving few individuals in small, isolated populations that are vulnerable to demographic extinction, disease epidemics, genetic drift and inbreeding. However, genetic consequences of the demographic decline on the remaining populations have not been investigated. Using the mitochondrial control region, this study investigated how current levels of genetic diversity relate to historical patterns, quantified genetic differentiation between extant populations and assessed the impacts of previous translocations on genetic diversity across populations. A total of 74 individual eastern black rhinoceroses were sampled from five extant populations in Tanzania and one neighbouring cross-border population in the Maasai Mara in Kenya. Six maternal haplotypes were identified, with an overall haplotype diversity of h=0.7 but low overall nucleotide diversity within populations ({pi} = 0.017) compared to historical populations from Tanzania ({pi} = 0.021). There was extensive variation in haplotype distribution between populations, with more variation exists within (65.5 %) than among the populations (35.5%), which may indicate lack of migration between populations. Specifically, some geographically close populations with different histories of introductions didnt share any haplotypes, suggesting that gene flow is currently restricted. The haplotypes were distributed among three east African haplogroups (CV, CE and EA) that have been described in previous studies, suggesting that multiple lineages have been preserved despite loss of haplotypes. One of the haplotypes was highly divergent and matched sequences previously classified as a subspecies that has not been recognised in recent years (D. b. ladoensis). We recommend that current levels of diversity be maintained by allowing natural movements of rhinoceroses between the populations, with the possibility of introducing additional variations by translocation of individuals between sites.

Explore related subjects

evolutionary biologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Hopcraft, G., Eblate, E. M., Chuma, I. S., Otiende, M. Y., Macha, E. S., Wambura, D., Kilbride, E., Mable, B. K., Mellya, R. V.. 2023-01-27. Genetic diversity of the eastern black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis michaeli) in Tanzania; implications for future conservation. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.26.525648

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Ocean current models predict spatial structure for coastal biodiversity

Genomic diversity provides the raw material through which all evolutionary processes occur. Accurately describing how environmental features affect patterns of diversity shows promise in predicting the resilience of populations and entire communities to dynamic environments and novel stressors. Identifying the contribution of purely neutral responses to environmental effects can be difficult, especially across large spatial ranges with many covarying environmental features. Using an individual-based model of larvae carried by ocean currents, we predict patterns of neutral genomic diversity in a passively dispersed coastal species, suggesting large geographic regions of relative homogeneity with ancestry determined by the nearest "upstream" population with limited larval input. The genomic identity that dominates each region sharply transitions at the next such interruption, generating hierarchical structure and violating assumptions of isolation-by-distance. We call these upstream populations "lineage source regions" (LSRs), and we find strong concordance between LSR model predictions and an empirical population genomic survey of a keystone salt marsh mussel (Geukensia demissa). We quantitatively validate model performance and goodness-of-fit, updating baseline predictions of genomic diversity patterns from the classic isolation-by-distance model to this LSR framework. This spatially explicit coastal ancestry model has potential for generalization across passive dispersing species.

evolutionary biology↗
bioRxiv2026

TaxaAudit: A statistical model of consensus in phylogenetics identifies non-monophyletic taxa

Interpreting variation in genes and traits across species requires understanding their evolutionary relationships. Taxonomic hierarchies provide a practical approximation of the tree of life, with the NCBI taxonomy linking this framework directly to public sequence data. Some named groups, however, are not evolutionary clades, and recognizing these exceptions requires knowledge scattered across the phylogenetics literature. Here we introduce TaxaAudit, a statistical model that identifies taxonomic groups whose monophyly is repeatedly contradicted by published phylogenies. The model accounts for background taxonomic conflict and the ability of each study's species sampling to expose non-monophyly. Applied to 5,865 molecular phylogenies from TimeTree, TaxaAudit flagged 516 NCBI taxa at family rank and below for significant recurrent contradiction of monophyly. Excluding these taxa's monophyly requirements improved the taxonomy's agreement with independent phylogenomic reference trees and phylogenies withheld from discovery. Flagged taxa were also 3.61 times as likely as matched controls to have their monophyly challenged in publications outside the discovery set. In tree-inference experiments, excluding these monophyly constraints improved agreement with reference phylogenies relative to enforcing the unmodified taxonomy. By identifying groups whose monophyly should not be assumed, TaxaAudit lets researchers draw on published phylogenetic knowledge without reviewing the specialist literature for every taxon. This supports broader use of the NCBI taxonomy as an evolutionary framework for biological comparisons.

evolutionary biology↗
bioRxiv2026

Shared landscape, divergent genomes: Comparative population genomics of co-occurring flora in an isolated Australian mountain range

Understanding how landscape heterogeneity shapes genomic variation is key to conserving biodiversity and evolutionary potential. Yet conservation genomics is typically conducted at the single species level, limiting our ability to identify shared genomic patterns or understand how co-occurring taxa differ in their response to common environmental gradients. We assessed spatial patterns of genomic variation and their associations with geographic and environmental features among populations of nine co-existing plant species with contrasting life-histories and ecological traits across Gariwerd, a threatened biodiversity hotspot in south-eastern Australia. All species exhibited weak overall genetic structure, although the magnitude and spatial distribution of differentiation varied among species. Despite this variation, broadly consistent spatial trends were apparent, with higher genomic divergence largely concentrated in central zones and higher genomic diversity localised in southern regions of the landscape. Significant associations between genetic differentiation and geographic distance were observed in three species, while another species showed associations with environmental distance. These findings demonstrate that coexisting species can show overlapping spatial patterns in genomic variation while differing markedly in their associations with geographic and environmental variation across the same landscape. This comparative approach provides a basis for spatial prioritisation and conservation planning, while highlighting the complex eco-evolutionary processes operating across heterogeneous landscapes.

evolutionary biology↗