The trans-zeatin-type side-chain modification of cytokinins controls rice growth

Abstract

Cytokinins (CKs), a class of phytohormones with vital roles in growth and development, occur naturally with various side-chain structures, including N6-({Delta}2-isopentenyl)adenine-, cis-zeatin- and trans-zeatin (tZ)-types. Recent studies in a model dicot plant Arabidopsis demonstrated that tZ-type CKs are biosynthesized via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) CYP735A, and have a specific function in shoot growth promotion. Although the function of some of these CKs has been demonstrated in a few dicotyledonous plant species, the significance of these variations and their biosynthetic mechanism and function in monocots and in plants with distinctive side-chain profiles than Arabidopsis, such as Oryza sativa (rice), remain elusive. In this study, we characterized CYP735A3 and CYP735A4 to investigate the role of tZ-type CKs in rice. Complementation test of the Arabidopsis CYP735A-deficient mutant and CK profiling of loss-of-function rice mutant, cyp735a3 cyp735a4, demonstrated that CYP735A3 and CYP735A4 encode P450s required for tZ-type side-chain modification in rice. CYP735As are expressed in both roots and shoots. The cyp735a3 cyp735a4 mutants exhibited growth retardation concomitant with reduction in CK activity in both roots and shoots, indicating that tZ-type CKs function in growth promotion of both organs. Expression analysis revealed that tZ-type CK biosynthesis is negatively regulated by auxin, abscisic acid, and cytokinin and positively by dual nitrogen nutrient signals, namely glutamine-related and nitrate-specific signals. These results suggest that the physiological role of tZ-type CKs in rice is different from that in Arabidopsis and they control growth of both roots and shoots in response to internal and environmental cues in rice.