Yeast and Mammalian Epsins Use Different Determinants for Localization and Function: Role of Clathrin/AP2/Ubiquitin Binding Motifs and Poly-Glutamine Stretches

Abstract

Epsins are endocytic adaptor proteins involved in the internalization of important membrane proteins such as EGFR and Notch ligands. Therefore, this protein family impacts critical signaling pathways and processes such as cell migration and cytokinesis and is ultimately required for embryo development in mammals and cell viability in yeast. Intriguingly, although Epsins are conserved and display similar binding determinants, the process of endocytosis in yeast and mammals exhibit some dramatic mechanistic differences. Therefore, we wondered if the function of Epsins in these organisms are similar and are similarly regulated or they also differ. Since proper and timely localization is needed for function, we determined what elements target Epsins to endocytic sites in yeast vs mammals. Specifically, using a systematic/combinatorial mutagenesis approach we produced a collection of yeast and human Epsin mutated variants that was tested for localization at endocytic sites and for function. Our results showed that the intrinsically disordered carboxy-terminus holds the major determinants (involved in binding of ubiquitin, AP2, clathrin and EH domain-containing proteins) for proper intracellular localization of different Epsin paralogs and homologs in yeast and mammals, while also having a major impact on function. Importantly, we established hierarchies of carboxy-terminal binding determinants for sustaining Epsin localization which turned to be different for human vs. yeast cells; favoring clathrin and AP2 binding in the former and recognition of cargo and EH domain-containing proteins for the latter. Further, we found evidence in both systems that yeast Epsins also use for localization regions of the protein that were until now of unknown functional relevance, i.e., glutamine-rich sequences. Interestingly, some molecular determinants within the Epsin molecule seem to have functional importance beyond its contribution to localization to endocytic sites. Based on these findings, we propose working models for Epsin function and recruitment to membranes/endocytic sites at different maturation stages.