A multi-domain connector links the outer membrane and cell wall in deep-branching bacteria

Abstract

Deinococcus radiodurans is a deep-branching extremophilic bacterium that is remarkably tolerant to numerous environmental stresses, including large doses of ultraviolet radiation and extreme temperatures. It can even survive in outer space for several years. This endurance of D. radiodurans has been partly ascribed to its atypical cell envelope comprising an inner membrane, a large periplasmic space with a thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer, and an outer membrane (OM) covered by a surface layer (S-layer). Despite intense research, molecular principles governing envelope organization and OM stabilization are unclear in D. radiodurans and related bacteria. Here, we report an electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the abundant D. radiodurans OM protein SlpA, showing how its C-terminal segment forms homotrimers of 30-stranded {beta}-barrels in the OM, whereas its N-terminal segment forms long, homotrimeric coiled coils linking the OM to the PG layer via S-layer homology (SLH) domains. Using the power of structure prediction and sequence-based bioinformatics, we further show that SlpA-like proteins are widespread in deep-branching Gram-negative bacteria, plausibly constituting an ancestral superfamily of OM-PG connectors, important for organizing the cell envelopes of many bacteria. Finally, combining our atomic structures with tomography of cell envelopes, we report a model for the cell surface of D. radiodurans, with implications on understanding the cell surface organization and hyperstability of D. radiodurans and related bacteria. Furthermore, the widespread occurrence of SlpA-like OM-PG connectors in deep-branching bacteria will help in understanding the evolutionary transition between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.