Evolution of Delta variant by non-Spike signature co-appearing mutations: trailblazer of COVID-19 disease outcome

Abstract

The high transmissibility and infectivity of a SARS-CoV-2 variant is usually ascribed to the Spike mutations, while emerging non-spike mutations might be a serious threat to the current Spike-recombinant vaccines. In addition to mutations in structural Spike glycoprotein, rapid accumulation of mutations across non-structural genes is leading to continuous virus evolution, altering its pathogenicity. We performed whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 positive samples collected from different clinical groups from eastern India, during the second pandemic wave (April-May, 2021). In addition to the several common spike mutations in Delta variant, two mutually explicit signature constellations of non-spike co-appearing mutations were identified, driving symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. We attempted to correlate these unique signatures of non-Spike co-appearing mutations to COVID-19 disease outcome. Results revealed that the Delta strains harboring a unique constellation of 9 non-spike co-appearing mutations could be the wheeler and dealer of symptomatic infection, even post vaccination. The strains predominantly driving asymptomatic infection possessed 7 non-spike co-appearing mutations, which were mutually exclusive in contrast to the set of mutations causing symptomatic disease. Phylodynamic analysis depicted high probability of emergence of these unique sub-clusters within India, with subsequent spread worldwide. Interestingly, some mutations of this signature were selected in Omicron and IHU variants, which suggest that gradual accumulation of such co-existing mutations may lead to emergence of more "vaccine-evading variants" in future. Hence, unfaltering genome sequencing and tracking of non-Spike mutations might be significant in formulation of any future vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants that might evade the current vaccine-induced immunity.