Characterization of dengue virus 3UTR RNA binding proteins in mosquitoes reveals that AeStaufen reduces subgenomic flaviviral RNA in saliva

Abstract

Dengue viruses (DENV) are expanding global pathogens that are transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes, mostly Aedes aegypti. As RNA viruses, DENV rely on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to complete their life cycle. Alternatively, RBPs can act as restriction factors that prevent DENV multiplication. While the importance of RBPs is well-supported in humans, there is a dearth of information about their influence on DENV transmission by mosquitoes. Such knowledge could be harnessed to design novel, effective interventions against DENV. Here, we successfully adapted RNA-affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry - a technique initially developed in mammalian cells - to identify RBPs in Ae. aegypti cells. We identified fourteen RBPs interacting with DENV serotype 2 3UTR, which is involved in the viral multiplication and produces subgenomic flaviviral RNA (sfRNA). We validated the RNA affinity results for two RBPs by confirming that AePur binds the 3UTR, whereas AeStaufen interacts with both 3UTR and sfRNA. Using in vivo functional evaluation, we determined that RBPs like AeRan, AeExoRNase, and AeRNase have pro-viral functions, whereas AeGTPase, AeAtu, and AePur have anti-viral functions in mosquitoes. Furthermore, we showed that human and mosquito Pur homologs have a shared affinity to DENV2 RNA, although the anti-viral effect is specific to the mosquito protein. Importantly, we revealed that AeStaufen mediates a reduction of gRNA and sfRNA copies in several mosquito tissues, including the salivary glands and that AeStaufen-mediated sfRNA reduction diminishes the concentration of transmission-enhancing sfRNA in saliva, thereby revealing AeStaufens role in DENV transmission. By characterizing the first RBPs that bind to DENV2 3UTR in mosquitoes, our study unravels new pro- and anti-viral targets for the design of novel therapeutic interventions as well as provides foundation for studying the role of RBPs in virus-vector interactions. Author abstractDengue viruses are important human pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes. Currently, there are no effective control measures for dengue. The RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) in mosquitoes, which bind to the dengue virus genome to regulate viral multiplication, could serve as new targets for developing therapeutic interventions. In this study, we pioneered the use of RNA-affinity chromatography - a technique that identifies proteins binding to specific RNA sequences - in mosquito cells. This led to the detection of fourteen RBPs that bind to the 3UTR of dengue virus serotype 2. We validated our results using immunoprecipitation method. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 6 of the 14 RBPs influence viral multiplication in mosquitoes. Among these six RBPs, we showed that the AePur mosquito and human homologs share an affinity to dengue virus RNA, whereas the anti-viral function is specific to the mosquito homolog. Importantly, we revealed that AeStaufen mediates a reduction of genomic and subgenomic flaviviral RNAs in multiple mosquito tissues. We also showed that the reduction of subgenomic flaviviral RNA in salivary glands diminishes the secretion of salivary subgenomic RNA, which facilitates infection at the bite site, thereby unveiling the function of AeStaufen in the virus transmission. By characterizing the first mosquito RBPs that bind to dengue virus genome, our study paves the way for leveraging these proteins as potential targets to block virus transmission.