Assessing evidence accumulation and rule learning in humans with an online game

Abstract

Evidence accumulation, how the brain integrates sensory information over time, is an essential component of perception and decision making. In humans, evidence accumulation is commonly modeled as a diffusion process in which noise accumulates linearly with the incoming evidence. However, recent studies in rodents have shown that during perceptual decision making, noise scales non-linearly with the strength of accumulated evidence. The question of whether nonlinear noise scaling also holds for humans has been clouded by differences in the methodologies typically used to collect and analyze human and rodent data. For example, whereas humans are typically given explicit instructions in these tasks, rodents are trained using feedback. Therefore, to evaluate how perceptual noise scales with accumulated evidence, we developed an online evidence accumulation game and nonverbal training pipeline for humans inspired by pulse-based evidence accumulation tasks for rodents. Using this game, we collected and analyzed behavioral data from hundreds of participants trained either with an explicit description of the relevant decision rule or merely with experiential feedback. Across all participants, performance was well described by an accumulation process, in which stimuli were integrated equally across time. Participants trained using feedback alone learned the game rules rapidly and used similar strategies to those who received explicit instructions. Decisions in both groups were influenced in similar ways by biases and perceptual noise, suggesting that explicit instructions did not reduce bias or noise in pulse-based accumulation tasks. Finally, by leveraging data across all participants, we show that perceptual noise during evidence accumulation was best described by a non-linear model of noise scaling, consistent with previous animal studies, but inconsistent with diffusion models widely used in human studies. These results challenge the conventional description of humans accumulation process and suggest that online games inspired by evidence accumulation tasks provide a valuable large-scale behavioral assessment platform to examine perceptual decision making and learning in humans. In addition, the feedback-based training pipeline developed for this game may be useful for evaluating perceptual decision making in human populations with difficulty following verbal instructions. HighlightsO_LIDevelopment and validation of an online video game to measure perceptual decision making. C_LIO_LIHumans trained using a feedback-based pipeline exhibit similar strategies and performance compared with those receiving instructions. C_LIO_LIPerceptual noise increases superlinearly with sensory evidence. C_LI