Exit from lag phase in populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens is determined by strong interactions among cells

Abstract

The relationship between the number of cells colonizing a new environment and time for resumption of growth is a subject of long-standing interest. In microbiology this is known as the "inoculum effect". Its mechanistic basis is unclear with possible explanations ranging from the independent actions of individual cells, to collective actions of populations of cells. Progress requires precise measurement of lag time distributions while at the same time, experimentally controlling inoculum size. Here we use a millifluidic droplet device in which the growth dynamics of hundreds of populations founded by different numbers of Pseudomonas fluorescens cells, ranging from a single cell, to one thousand cells, were followed in real time. Our data show that lag phase decreases with inoculum size. The average decrease, variance across droplets, and distribution shapes, follow predictions of extreme value theory, where the inoculum lag time is determined by the minimum value sampled from the single-cell distribution. Our experimental results show that exit from lag phase depends on strong interactions among cells, consistent with a "leader-cell" triggering end of lag phase for the entire population.