Parapatric speciation with recurrent gene flow of two sexual dichromatic pheasants

Abstract

BackgroundUnderstanding speciation has long been a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. It is widely accepted that speciation requires an interruption of gene flow to generate strong reproductive isolation between species, in which sexual selection may play an important role by generating and maintaining sexual dimorphism. The mechanism of how sexual selection operated in speciation with gene flow remains an open question and the subject of many research. Two species in genus Chrysolophus, Golden pheasant (C. pictus) and Lady Amhersts pheasant (C. amherstiae), which both exhibit significant plumage dichromatism, are currently parapatric in the southwest China with several hybrid recordings in field. MethodsIn this research, we estimated the pattern of gene flow during the speciation of two pheasants using the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method based on the multiple genes data. With a new assembled de novo genome of Lady Amhersts pheasant and resequencing of widely distributed individuals, we reconstructed the demographic history of the two pheasants by pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC). ResultsThe results provide clear evidence that the gene flow between the two pheasants were consistent with the prediction of isolation with migration model for allopatric populations, indicating that there was long-term gene flow after the initially divergence (ca. 2.2 million years ago), and further support the secondary contact when included the parapatric populations since around 30 ka ongoing gene flow to now, which might be induced by the population expansion of the Golden pheasant in late Pleistocene. ConclusionsThe results of the study support the scenario of speciation between Golden pheasant (C. pictus) and Lady Amhersts pheasant (C. amherstiae) with cycles of mixing-isolation-mixing due to the dynamics of natural selection and sexual selection in late Pleistocene that provide a good research system as evolutionary model to test reinforcement selection in speciation.