When Yeast Cells Change their Mind: Cell Cycle 'Start' is Reversible under Starvation

Abstract

Eukaryotic cells decide in late G1 whether to commit to another round of genome duplication and division. This point of irreversible cell cycle commitment is a molecular switch termed "Restriction Point" in mammals and "Start" in budding yeast. At Start, yeast cells integrate multiple signals such as pheromones, osmolarity, and nutrients. If sufficient nutrients are lacking, cells will not pass Start. However, how the cells respond to nutrient depletion after they have made the Start decision, remains poorly understood. Here, we analyze by live cell imaging how post-Start yeast cells respond to nutrient depletion. We monitor fluorescently labelled Whi5, the cell cycle inhibitor whose export from the nucleus determines Start. Surprisingly, we find that cells that have passed Start can re-import Whi5 back into the nucleus. This occurs when cells are faced with starvation up to 20 minutes after Start. In these cells, the positive feedback loop is interrupted, Whi5 re-binds DNA, and CDK activation occurs a second time once nutrients are replenished. Cells which re-import Whi5 also become sensitive to mating pheromone again, and thus behave like pre-Start cells. In summary, we show that upon starvation the commitment decision at Start can be reversed. We therefore propose that in yeast, as has been suggested for mammalian cells, cell cycle commitment is a multi-step process, where irreversibility in face of nutrient signaling is only reached approximately 20 minutes after CDK activation at Start.