Global distribution of anaerobic dichloromethane degradation potential

Abstract

Anthropogenic activities and natural processes release dichloromethane (DCM), a toxic chemical with substantial ozone-depleting capacity. Specialized anaerobic bacteria metabolize DCM; however, the genetic basis for this process has remained elusive. Comparative genomics of the three known anaerobic DCM-degrading bacterial species revealed a homologous gene cluster, designated the methylene chloride catabolism (mec) gene cassette, comprising eight to ten genes with predicted 79.6 - 99.7% amino acid identity. Functional annotation identified genes encoding a corrinoid-dependent methyltransferase system, and shotgun proteomics applied to two DCM-catabolizing cultures revealed high expression of proteins encoded on the mec gene cluster during anaerobic growth with DCM. In a DCM-contaminated groundwater plume, the abundance of mec genes strongly correlated with DCM concentrations (R2 = 0.71 - 0.85) indicating their value as process-specific bioremediation biomarkers. mec gene clusters were identified in metagenomes representing peat bogs, the deep subsurface, and marine ecosystems including oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), suggesting DCM turnover in diverse habitats. The broad distribution of anaerobic DCM catabolic potential suggests a relevant control function for emissions to the atmosphere, and a role for DCM as a microbial energy source in critical zone environments. The findings imply that the global DCM flux might be far greater than emission measurements suggest. ImportanceDichloromethane (DCM) is an increasing threat to stratospheric ozone with both anthropogenic and natural emission sources. Anaerobic bacterial metabolism of DCM has not yet been taken into consideration as a factor in the global DCM cycle. The discovery of the mec gene cassette associated with anaerobic bacterial DCM metabolism and its widespread distribution in environmental systems highlight a strong attenuation potential for DCM. Knowledge of the mec cassette offers new opportunities to delineate DCM sources, enables more robust estimates of DCM fluxes, supports refined DCM emission modeling and simulation of the stratospheric ozone layer, reveals a novel, ubiquitous C1 carbon metabolic system, and provides prognostic and diagnostic tools supporting bioremediation of groundwater aquifers impacted by DCM.