Nicotinate degradation in a microbial eukaryote: a novel, complete pathway extant in Aspergillus nidulans

Abstract

Several strikingly different aerobic and anaerobic pathways of nicotinate utilization had been described in bacteria. No similar work is extant in any eukaryote. Here we elucidate a complete eukaryotic nicotinate utilization pathway, by constructing single or multiple gene deleted strains and identifying metabolic intermediates by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry. Enzymes catalyzing each step and all intermediate metabolites were identified. We previously established that the cognate eleven genes organized in three clusters constitute a regulon, strictly dependent on HxnR, a pathway-specific transcription factor. The first step, hydroxylation of nicotinic acid to 6-hydroxynicotinic acid is analogous to that occurring in bacterial pathways and is catalyzed by an independently evolved molybdenum-containing hydroxylase. The following enzymatic steps have no prokaryotic equivalents: 6-hydroxynicotinic acid is converted to 2,3,6-trihydroxypyridine through 2,5-dihydroxypiridine and the trihydroxylated pyridine ring is then saturated to 5,6-dihydroxypiperidine-2-one followed by the oxidation of the C6 hydroxyl group resulting in 3-hydroxypiperidine-2,6-dione. The latter two heterocyclic compounds are newly identified cellular metabolites, while 5,6-dihydroxypiperidine-2-one is a completely new chemical compound. Ring opening between C and N results in -hydroxyglutaramate, an unprecedented compound in prokaryotic nicotinate catabolic routes. The pathway extant in A. nidulans, and in many other ascomycetes, is different from any other previously analyzed in bacteria. Our earlier phylogenetic analysis of Hxn proteins together with the complete novel biochemical pathway we now describe further illustrates the convergent evolution of catabolic pathways between fungi and bacteria. Significance StatementThis eukaryotic nicotinate catabolic pathway illustrates the convergent evolution of prokaryotic and microbial eukaryotic metabolism. It brings to light newly identified metabolites and step processing enzymes. The identification of hitherto undescribed metabolites - which could serve as precursor biosynthetic molecules - is potentially relevant to both pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.