Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt

Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L.; Pinilla-Vera, M.; McKoy, D.; Mishra, S.; Grajeda Martinez, M. I.; Oeing, C. U.; Ranek, M. J.; Kass, D. A.

doi:10.1101/2021.07.13.452249

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2021.07.13.452249

Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt

Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L.·Pinilla-Vera, M.·McKoy, D.·Mishra, S.·Grajeda Martinez, M. I.·Oeing, C. U.·Ranek, M. J.·Kass, D. A.

View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is tightly controlled by tuberous sclerosis complex-2 (TSC2) that is regulated by phosphorylation from kinases responding to environmental cues. Protein kinase G specifically modifies serine-1365 (S1364, human), and its phosphorylation (or phosphomimetic SE mutant) potently blocks mTORC1 co-activation by pathological stress, while a phospho-silenced (SA) mutation does the opposite. Neither alter basal mTORC1 activity. Here we show S1365 exerts biased control over mTORC1 activity (S6K phosphorylation) modifying ERK1/2 but not Akt-dependent stimulation. Whereas mTORC1 activation by endothelin-1 is potently modified by S1365 status, insulin or PDGF stimulation are unaltered. TSC2-S1365 is also phosphorylated upon ET-1 but not insulin stimulation in a PKG-dependent manner, revealing intrinsic bias. Neither energy or nutrient modulation of mTORC1 are impacted by S1365. Consistent with these results, knock-in mice with either TSC2 SA or SE mutations develop identical obesity, glucose intolerance, and fatty liver disease from a high fat diet. Thus, S1365 provides an ERK1/2-selective mTORC1 control mechanism and a genetic means to modify pathological versus physiological mTOR stimuli.

Explore related subjects

cell biology Preprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeX RIS

Dunkerly-Eyring, B. L., Pinilla-Vera, M., McKoy, D., Mishra, S., Grajeda Martinez, M. I., Oeing, C. U., Ranek, M. J., Kass, D. A.. 2021-07-14. Single Serine on TSC2 Exerts Biased Control over mTORC1 Activation by ERK1/2 but Not Akt. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.13.452249

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Functional characterization of Rho GTPase activating proteins SYDE1 and SYDE2

The human genome encodes more than 60 proteins containing Rho GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) domains, many of which remain understudied with respect to their target specificity and biological roles. SYDE1 and SYDE2 are two such orphan RhoGAPs, for which there are few studies characterizing their biochemical and cellular functions and conflicting reports identifying their cognate GTPases. We previously identified SYDE1 and SYDE2 in a screen for substrates of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Here, we show that SYDE1 and SYDE2 are preferentially phosphorylated by JNK1 relative to other mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) at sites proximal to a kinase docking region. Purified SYDE1 and SYDE2 are shown to have significant catalytic GAP activity toward RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. However, neither up- nor down-regulation of SYDE1/2 expression leads to detectable changes in bulk GTP loading of any of these GTPases. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that SYDE1 and SYDE2, in a partially GAP-dependent manner, increase cell spreading and number of focal adhesions, and promote more directionally persistent migration in HEK293 cells. Together, these findings establish SYDE1 and SYDE2 as robust JNK substrates with catalytic activity toward a set of Rho GTPases and reveal basic functions of SYDE1 and SYDE2 in regulating cell morphology, adhesion, and migration.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

The filopodial scaffold polyphosphate dictates cell adhesion-versus-invasion decisions

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an ancient polymer conserved across all life, serving cell type and location specific functions in every major compartment. Yet its role at the plasma membrane, where it accumulates to peak levels in many primary cells, is largely unknown. Here we identify polyP as a stabilizing component of filopodia, actin based membrane protrusions that govern cell adhesion, contact inhibition, and chemotaxis. Elevating cellular polyP increases filopodial stability and enhances cell adhesion, whereas reducing polyP accelerates filopodial disassembly and promotes cell migration. Mechanistically, we find that polyP acts as a structural filopodial scaffold, recruiting and organizing IRSp53, a membrane curvature inducing protein. We show that metastatic fibroblasts and breast cancer organoids carry markedly reduced and intracellularly reorganized polyP levels relative to their non transformed counterparts. Restoring endogenous polyP via lipid nanoparticle delivery suppresses their invasive phenotypes and reverses prometastatic gene expression signatures, implicating polyP as a primordial tumor suppressor.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Mitochondrial transfer mediates metabolic communication between beta cells and islet macrophages

Pancreatic islet macrophages support islet homeostasis and adapt their metabolic program in response to environmental cues, including beta cell released factors. Intercellular mitochondrial transfer is a biological process that modulates cellular responses. To test whether beta cells, which are strongly secretory, transfer mitochondria to islet macrophages, we generated mice with beta cell-specific expression of mitochondrial GFP (PhAMfloxIns1Cre). We demonstrate that beta cells transfer mitochondria to islet macrophages in vivo and in vitro. Diabetogenic stressors did not alter the frequency of mitochondrial transfer and macrophages containing beta cell-derived GFP exhibit increased protein synthesis rates. RNA-seq identified upregulation of activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc) in macrophages receiving beta cell-derived mitochondria, while disruption of actin cytoskeleton dynamics prevented mitochondrial transfer. Together, these findings identify mitochondrial transfer as a previously unrecognized mechanism of beta cell-macrophage communication that may contribute to islet homeostasis and immune regulation.

cell biology↗