Interphase microtubule disassembly is a signaling cue that drives cell rounding at mitotic entry.

Abstract

Reorganization of the cortical actin cytoskeleton at mitotic entry is essential to increase membrane tension for cell rounding1,2. This spherical shape is necessary for the biogenesis and organization of the mitotic spindle2-6. Proteins of the Ezrin, Radixin, Moesin (ERM) family play essential roles in mitotic morphogenesis by linking actomyosin forces to the plasma membrane2,3,7-10. While ERMs drive metaphase cell rounding, the cell-cycle signals that prompt their conformational activation in mitosis are unknown11. We screened a library of small molecules using novel ERM biosensors12 and we unexpectedly found that drugs that disassemble microtubules promote ERM activation. Remarkably, cells disassemble their interphase microtubules while entering mitosis13. We further discovered that this disassembly of microtubules acts as a cell-cycle signal that directs ERM activation and metaphase cell rounding. We show that GEF-H1, a Rho-GEF inhibited by microtubule binding, acts downstream of microtubule disassembly to activate ERMs via RhoA and its kinase effector SLK. In addition, we demonstrate that GEF-H1 and Ect2, another Rho-GEF responsible for the generation of mitotic actomyosin forces6,14, act together to drive metaphase ERM activation and cell rounding. In summary, we report microtubule disassembly as a cell cycle signal that triggers a signaling network ensuring that actomyosin forces are efficiently integrated at the plasma membrane to promote cell rounding at mitotic entry.