Viral ADP-ribosyltransferases attach RNA chains to host proteins

Abstract

The mechanisms by which viruses hijack their hosts genetic machinery are of current interest. When bacteriophage T4 infects Escherichia coli, three different ARTs (ADP-ribosyltransferases) reprogram the hosts transcriptional and translational apparatus through ADP-ribosylation using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as substrate 1,2. Recently, NAD was identified as a 5-modification of cellular RNAs 3-5. Here, we report that T4 ART ModB accepts not only NAD but also NAD-capped RNA (NAD-RNA) as substrate and attaches entire RNA chains to acceptor proteins in an "RNAylation" reaction. ModB specifically RNAylates ribosomal proteins rS1 and rL2 at defined arginine residues, and a specific group of E. coli and T4 phage RNAs is linked to rS1 in vivo. T4 phages that express an inactive mutant of ModB show a decreased burst size and slowed lysis of E. coli. Our findings reveal a distinct biological role of NAD-RNA, namely activation of the RNA for enzymatic transfer to proteins. The attachment of specific RNAs to ribosomal proteins might provide a strategy for the phage to modulate the hosts translation machinery. This work exemplifies the first direct connection between RNA modification and post-translational protein modification. As ARTs play important roles far beyond viral infections 6, RNAylation may have far-reaching implications.