TatA and TatB generate a hydrophobic mismatch that is important for function and assembly of the Tat translocon in Escherichia coli

Abstract

The Tat system has the unique purpose to translocate folded proteins across energy-transducing membranes. It occurs in bacteria and archaea, as well as in eukaryotic organelles of bacterial origin. In the bacterial model system Escherichia coli, the three components TatA, TatB, and TatC assemble to functional translocons. TatA and TatB both possess an N-terminal transmembrane helix (TMH) that is followed by an amphipathic helix (APH). The TMHs of TatA and TatB generate a hydrophobic mismatch with only 12 consecutive hydrophobic residues that span the membrane. We shortened or extended this stretch of hydrophobic residues in either TatA, TatB, or both, and analyzed effects on transport functionality and translocon assembly. The wild type length functioned best but was not an absolute requirement, as some variation was clearly tolerated. Defects of shortenings or extensions were enhanced by simultaneous mutations in TatA and TatB, indicating partial compensations of mutations in TatA by wild type TatB or vice versa. Length variation in TatB destabilized TatBC-containing complexes, revealing that the 12-residues-length is important for Tat component interactions and translocon assembly. To also address potential effects on TatA associations, we characterized these by metal tagging transmission electron microscopy and carried out molecular dynamics simulations. In these simulations, interacting short TMHs of larger TatA assemblies were thinning the membrane together with laterally aligned tilted APHs that generated a deep V-shaped groove. The conserved length of 12 hydrophobic residues may thus not only be important for translocon interactions, but also for a membrane destabilization during Tat transport. If this is the case, the specific short length could be a compromise between functionality and proton leakage minimization.