Pigment pattern morphospace of Danio fishes: evolutionary diversification and mutational effects

Abstract

Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying differences in adult form remain largely unknown. Adult pigment patterns of fishes in the genus Danio, which includes zebrafish, D. rerio, include horizontal stripes, vertical bars, spots and uniform patterns, and provide an outstanding opportunity to identify causes of species level variation in a neural crest derived trait. Yet understanding such variation requires quantitative approaches to assess phenotypes, and such methods have been mostly lacking for pigment patterns. We introduce metrics derived from information theory that describe patterns and pattern variation in Danio fishes. We find that such metrics used singly and in multivariate combinations are suitable for distinguishing general pattern types, and can reveal even subtle phenotypic differences attributable to mutations. Our study provides new tools for analyzing pigment pattern in Danio and potentially other groups, and sets the stage for future analyses of pattern morphospace and its mechanistic underpinnings. Summary statementWe provide quantitative metrics for studying pigment patterns of zebrafish and other species. These metrics are applicable to changes between species as well as impacts of laboratory induced mutations