Foxes facilitate other wildlife through ecosystem engineering activities on the Arctic tundra

Abstract

Predators largely affect ecosystems through trophic interactions, but they also can have indirect effects by altering nutrient dynamics and acting as ecosystem engineers. Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) are ecosystem engineers that concentrate nutrients on their dens, creating biogeochemical hotspots with lush vegetation on the nutrient-limited tundra. Red foxes (V. vulpes) similarly engineer subarctic environments through their denning behavior, and have recently expanded onto the tundra where they now often occupy historical Arctic fox dens. We evaluated the impact of fox denning activity on the spatial behavior of other tundra wildlife by comparing predator and herbivore visits to 12 natal dens and adjacent control sites over two years using camera traps in northeastern Manitoba, where both fox species are sympatric. Both the capture rates and species richness of wildlife were significantly greater at fox dens relative to control sites. Predators were detected almost exclusively on dens occupied by foxes, where they were observed investigating and scavenging prey remains (carrion, feathers), suggesting carcass presence or fox presence attracts predators to den sites. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) also visited dens more often than control sites, likely attracted by the enhanced vegetation typically found on dens. Our results suggest fox ecosystem engineering affects the spatial distribution of herbivores by enriching vegetation at dens, and other predators by providing carrion. Understanding how predators affect other organisms via non-trophic interactions provides an enriched view of their functional roles within ecosystems.