Opposing motors provide mechanical and functional robustness in the human spindle

Abstract

At each cell division, the spindle self-organizes from microtubules and motors. How the spindles diverse motors, often acting redundantly or in opposition, collectively give rise to its emergent architecture, mechanics, and function is unknown. In human spindles, the motors dynein and Eg5 generate contractile and extensile stress, respectively. Inhibiting dynein or its targeting factor NuMA leads to unfocused, turbulent spindles and inhibiting Eg5 leads to monopoles, yet bipolar spindles form when both are inhibited together. What, then, are the roles of these opposing motors? Here we generate NuMA/dynein- and Eg5-doubly inhibited spindles that not only attain a typical metaphase shape and size, but also undergo anaphase. However, these spindles have reduced microtubule dynamics and are mechanically fragile, fracturing under force. Further, they exhibit lagging chromosomes and dramatic left-handed twist at anaphase. Thus, while these opposing motor activities are not required for the spindles shape, they are essential to its mechanical and functional robustness. Together, this work suggests a design principle whereby opposing active stresses provide robustness to force-generating cellular structures.