De novo assembly and annotation of a highly contiguous reference genome of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reveals an AT-rich repetitive genome with compact gene structure

Abstract

The Fathead Minnow (FHM) is one of the most important and widely used model organisms in aquatic toxicology. The lack of a high-quality and well-annotated FHM reference genome, however, has severely hampered the efforts using modem omics approaches with FHM for environmental toxicogenomics studies. We present here a de novo assembled and nearly complete reference of the fathead minnow genome. Compared to the current fragmented and sparsely annotated FHM genome assembly (FHM1), the new highly contiguous and well-annotated FHM reference genome (FHM2) represents a major improvement, having 95.1% of the complete BUSCOs (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) and a scaffold N50 of 12.0 Mbps. The completeness of gene annotation for the FHM2 reference genome was demonstrated to be comparable to that of the zebrafish (ZF) GRCz11 reference genome. In addition, our comparative genomics analyses between FHM and ZF revealed highly conserved coding regions between two species while discovering much more compact gene structure in FHM than ZF. This study not only provides insights for assembling a highly repetitive AT-rich genome, but also delivers a critical genomic resource essential for toxicogenomics studies in environmental toxicology.