Oncofusion-driven de novo enhancer assembly promotes malignancy in Ewing sarcoma via aberrant expression of the stereociliary protein LOXHD1

Abstract

Ewing Sarcoma (EwS) is a highly aggressive tumor of bone and soft tissues that mostly affects children and adolescents. The pathognomonic oncofusion EWSR1-ETS (EWSR1-FLI1/EWSR1-ERG) transcription factors drive EwS by orchestrating an oncogenic transcription program through de novo enhancers. Pharmacological targeting of these oncofusions has been challenged by unstructured prion-like domains and common DNA binding domains in the EWSR1 and ETS protein, respectively. Alternatively, identification and characterization of mediators and downstream targets of EWSR1-FLI1 dependent or independent function could offer novel therapeutic options. By integrative analysis of thousands of transcriptome datasets representing pan-cancer cell lines, primary cancer, metastasis, and normal tissues, we have identified a 32 gene signature (ESS32 - Ewing Sarcoma Specific 32) that could stratify EwS from pan-cancer. Of the ESS32, LOXHD1 - that encodes a stereociliary protein, was the most exquisitely expressed gene in EwS. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated deletion or silencing of EWSR1-FLI1 bound upstream de novo enhancer elements in EwS cells led to the loss of LOXHD1 expression and altered the EWSR1-FLI1, MYC, and HIF1 pathway genes, resulting in decreased proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo. These observations implicate LOXHD1 as a novel biomarker and a major determinant of EwS metastasis and open up new avenues for developing LOXHD1-targeted drugs or cellular therapies for this deadly disease.