Intrinsic reinstatement of induced oscillatory context

Abstract

Declarative memory retrieval is thought to rely on the reinstatement, at retrieval, of contextual cues present during encoding, as evidenced in the context and state-dependent literature. Specifically, previous work has shown that reinstating the oscillatory activity present during encoding, at retrieval, is particularly supportive of memory recall. Our study builds on previous findings suggesting that the oscillatory activity present at encoding may be automatically reinstated during retrieval. To explore the roles of consolidation, prefrontal involvement, and frequency specific activity in this process of oscillatory reinstatement, 115 healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of five conditions. In each condition, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was administered at either one of two frequencies (60Hz or 6Hz), over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left-DLPFC, Experimental) or the right primary motor cortex (right-PMC, Control), during learning of written words. This was followed by a retention interval of either 90 minutes or 1 week and a testing phase, during which EEG activity was recorded. Our results showed significant (and frequency specific) oscillatory reinstatement, after stimulation of the left-DLPFC, in the 1-week retention condition. Oscillatory reinstatement effects were non-significant after stimulation of the right-PMC, or in the 90 minutes retention interval condition. Our results highlight that the oscillatory activity induced during encoding is consolidated as context alongside the information and is reinstated intrinsically during retrieval. The implications of our findings for models of human memory, future avenues of research and clinical applications are discussed.